Question 8
A 200 kW thermal power plant costs N 5,000,000 of installed capacity. The total annual charges consist of 4% as interest, depreciation at 4%, operation and maintenance at 4% and insurance, rent etc. at 1.5%. Losses in transmission and distribution are 14.5%
and diversity of load is 1.5. Assume that maximum demand on the station is 80% of the capacity and annual load factor is 40%. State the final answer to the following questions.
- What is the overall cost of generation per kWh?
- Repeat 1 above with load factor of 50%
- Comment on solution obtained in 1 and 2 above
Provide your response in the comment section using your surname and last two digit of your matriculation number as your identity (e.g. Abacus20)
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*1*
ReplyDelete#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 40 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.4 * 160 = 64 kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 64* 8760 = 560640 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
560640-(0.145* 560640) = 479347.2kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.5737 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/479347.2
=#1.4082
*2*
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.5* 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 80* 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
700800-(0.145* 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.45896 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
*3*
This shows that the more the load factor the less the cost per kwh for individual
Ugele 59
Delete*1*
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 40 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.4 * 160 = 64 kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 64* 8760 = 560640 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
560640-(0.145* 560640) = 479347.2kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.5737 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/479347.2
=#1.4082
*2*
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.5* 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 80* 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
700800-(0.145* 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.45896 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
*3*
This shows that the Higher the load factor the lower the cost per kwh
*1*
ReplyDelete#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 40 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.4 * 160 = 64 kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 64* 8760 = 560640 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
560640-(0.145* 560640) = 479347.2kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.5737 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/479347.2
=#1.4082
*2*
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.5* 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 80* 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
700800-(0.145* 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.45896 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
*3*
This shows that the Higher the load factor the lower the cost per kwh
1
ReplyDelete#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 40 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.4 * 160 = 64 kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 64* 8760 = 560640 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
560640-(0.145* 560640) = 479347.2kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.5737 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/479347.2
=#1.4082
2
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.5* 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 80* 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
700800-(0.145* 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.45896 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
3
This shows that the more the load factor the less the cost per kwh
1
ReplyDelete#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 40 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.4 * 160 = 64 kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 64* 8760 = 560640 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
560640-(0.145* 560640) = 479347.2kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.5737 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/479347.2
=#1.4082
2
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.5* 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 80* 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
700800-(0.145* 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.45896 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
3
This shows that the more the load factor the less the cost per kwh
[1]
ReplyDeleteWhen
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 40%
Total cost per kwh = #1.4082
[2]
When
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Total cost per kwh = #1.1265
[3]
The above answers shows that the greater the load factor of the thermal power plant, the lesser the cost per kwh.
1. #5000000
ReplyDeleteInterest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 40 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.4 * 160 = 64 kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 64* 8760 = 560640 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
560640-(0.145* 560640) = 479347.2kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.5737 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/479347.2
=#1.4082
2. #5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.5* 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 80* 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
700800-(0.145* 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.45896 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.126
3. This shows that the more the load factor the less the cost per kwh for individual
Que 1
ReplyDelete#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 40 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.4 * 160 = 64 kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 64* 8760 = 560640 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
560640-(0.145* 560640) = 479347.2kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.5737 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/479347.2
=#1.4082
Que 2
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.5* 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintenance with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 80* 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
700800-(0.145* 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.45896 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
Que 3
From the solution obtained above, we could see ‘that the Higher the load factor the lower the cost per kwh’
*1*
ReplyDelete#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 40 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.4 * 160 = 64 kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 64* 8760 = 560640 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
560640-(0.145* 560640) = 479347.2kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.5737 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/479347.2
=#1.4082
*2*
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.5* 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 80* 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
700800-(0.145* 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.45896 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
*3*
This shows that the more the load factor the less the cost per kwh for individual
(1). Given parameters:
ReplyDeleteCost of power plant : #5000000
Interest : 4%
Operation and maintainace : 4%
Depreciation : 4%
Insurance and rent : 1.5%
Lost in T & D : 14.5%
Diversity : 1.5
Load factor : 40 %
Maximum demand : 80%
Max demand = 0.8 × 200= 160KW
L. F = average demand ÷ maximum demand
Average demand = load factor × maximum demand
= 0.4 × 160 = 64 KW
Capital cost = 5000000
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 × 5000000 + 0.04 × 5000000
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160×1.5= 240KW
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67KW
Running charge is the operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04 × 5000000 + 0.015 × 5000000
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor × maximum demand × hours in a year
Unit generated = 64 × 8760
= 560640 KWh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d × unit generated)
560640-(0.145 × 560640) = 479347.2KWh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67× kw + 0.5737 × kwh
Total cost per kwh =#[ 675000 ÷ 479347.2 ]= #1.4082
(2)
Capital cost : #5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 × 200
= 160kw
L. F = average demand ÷ maximum demand
Average demand = load factor × maximum demand
= 0.5 × 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5000000
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 × 5million + 0.04 × 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand × diversity
= 160 × 1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000 ÷ 240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04 × 5000000+ 0.015 × 5000000
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor × maximum demand × hours in a year
Unit generated = 80 × 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d × unit generated)
700800-(0.145 × 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh.
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67 × kw + 0.45896 × kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
(3).
This implies that, the greater the load factor the lesser the cost per kwh for individual.
*1*
ReplyDelete#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 40 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.4 * 160 = 64 kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 64* 8760 = 560640 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
560640-(0.145* 560640) = 479347.2kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.5737 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/479347.2
=#1.4082
*2*
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.5* 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 80* 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
700800-(0.145* 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.45896 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
*3*
This shows that the Higher the load factor the lower the cost per kwh
*1*
ReplyDelete#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 40 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.4 * 160 = 64 kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 64* 8760 = 560640 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
560640-(0.145* 560640) = 479347.2kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.5737 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/479347.2
=#1.4082
*2*
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.5* 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 80* 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
700800-(0.145* 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.45896 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
*3*
This means that the more the load factor the less the cost per kwh for individual
Cost of power plant : #5000000
ReplyDeleteInterest : 4%
Operation and maintainace : 4%
Depreciation : 4%
Insurance and rent : 1.5%
Lost in T & D : 14.5%
Diversity : 1.5
Load factor : 40 %
Maximum demand : 80%
Max demand = 0.8 × 200= 160KW
L. F = average demand ÷ maximum demand
Average demand = load factor × maximum demand
= 0.4 × 160 = 64 KW
Capital cost = 5000000
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 × 5000000 + 0.04 × 5000000
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160×1.5= 240KW
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67KW
Running charge is the operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04 × 5000000 + 0.015 × 5000000
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor × maximum demand × hours in a year
Unit generated = 64 × 8760
= 560640 KWh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d × unit generated)
560640-(0.145 × 560640) = 479347.2KWh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67× kw + 0.5737 × kwh
Total cost per kwh =#[ 675000 ÷ 479347.2 ]= #1.4082
(2)
Capital cost : #5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 × 200
= 160kw
L. F = average demand ÷ maximum demand
Average demand = load factor × maximum demand
= 0.5 × 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5000000
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 × 5million + 0.04 × 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand × diversity
= 160 × 1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000 ÷ 240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04 × 5000000+ 0.015 × 5000000
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor × maximum demand × hours in a year
Unit generated = 80 × 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d × unit generated)
700800-(0.145 × 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh.
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67 × kw + 0.45896 × kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
(3).
This implies that, the greater the load factor the lesser the cost per kwh for individual.
1*
ReplyDelete#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 40 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.4 * 160 = 64 kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 64* 8760 = 560640 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
560640-(0.145* 560640) = 479347.2kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.5737 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/479347.2
=#1.4082
*2*
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.5* 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 80* 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
700800-(0.145* 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.45896 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
*3*
This shows that the Higher the load factor the lower the cost per kwh
IBE
ReplyDeleteUnit 5: Economics of Power Generation
on November 25, 2019
Question 8
A 200 kW thermal power plant costs N 5,000,000 of installed capacity. The total annual charges consist of 4% as interest, depreciation at 4%, operation and maintenance at 4% and insurance, rent etc. at 1.5%. Losses in transmission and distribution are 14.5% and diversity of load is 1.5. Assume that maximum demand on the station is 80% of the capacity and annual load factor is 40%. State the final answer to the following questions.
What is the overall cost of generation per kWh?
Repeat 1 above with load factor of 50%
Comment on solution obtained in 1 and 2 above
Provide your response in the comment section using your surname and last two digit of your matriculation number as your identity (e.g. Abacus20)
Click here to like and follow the E-Learning Community on Facebook for more interactive practices and discussions with peers and instructor.
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Comments
olaniyi4526 November 2019 at 15:25
*1*
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 40 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.4 * 160 = 64 kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 64* 8760 = 560640 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
560640-(0.145* 560640) = 479347.2kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.5737 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/479347.2
=#1.4082
*2*
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.5* 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 80* 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
700800-(0.145* 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.45896 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
*3*
This shows that the more the load factor the less the cost per kwh for individual
REPLY
Newtinz29 November 2019 at 22:28
Ugele 59
*1*
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 40 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.4 * 160 = 64 kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running c anre
*1*
ReplyDelete#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 40 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.4 * 160 = 64 kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 64* 8760 = 560640 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
560640-(0.145* 560640) = 479347.2kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.5737 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/479347.2
=#1.4082
*2*
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.5* 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 80* 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
700800-(0.145* 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.45896 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
*3*
This shows that the more the load factor the less the cost per kwh for individual
(1). Given parameters:
ReplyDeleteCost of power plant : #5000000
Interest : 4%
Operation and maintainace : 4%
Depreciation : 4%
Insurance and rent : 1.5%
Lost in T & D : 14.5%
Diversity : 1.5
Load factor : 40 %
Maximum demand : 80%
Max demand = 0.8 × 200= 160KW
L. F = average demand ÷ maximum demand
Average demand = load factor × maximum demand
= 0.4 × 160 = 64 KW
Capital cost = 5000000
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 × 5000000 + 0.04 × 5000000
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160×1.5= 240KW
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67KW
Running charge is the operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04 × 5000000 + 0.015 × 5000000
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor × maximum demand × hours in a year
Unit generated = 64 × 8760
= 560640 KWh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d × unit generated)
560640-(0.145 × 560640) = 479347.2KWh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67× kw + 0.5737 × kwh
Total cost per kwh =#[ 675000 ÷ 479347.2 ]= #1.4082
(2)
Capital cost : #5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 × 200
= 160kw
L. F = average demand ÷ maximum demand
Average demand = load factor × maximum demand
= 0.5 × 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5000000
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 × 5million + 0.04 × 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand × diversity
= 160 × 1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000 ÷ 240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04 × 5000000+ 0.015 × 5000000
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor × maximum demand × hours in a year
Unit generated = 80 × 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d × unit generated)
700800-(0.145 × 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh.
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67 × kw + 0.45896 × kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
(3).
This implies that, the greater the load factor the lesser the cost per kwh for individual.
Given;
ReplyDeletePlant capacity: 200KW
Capital cost; #5,000,000
Interst; 4%of capital cost
Depreciation; 4% of capital cost
Operation and maintenance 4% of capital cost
Insurance, rent etc; 1.5%of capital cost
Loss in transmission and distribution: 14.5%
Diversity of load; 1.25
Max demand: 80% of plant capacity
Annual load factor; 40%
Solution 1
Using a 2part cost
Cost of generation=A×Kw+B×Kwh
Annual fixed charges=0.04×5000000+0.04×5000000
Annual fixed charges=#400000
But diversity is given
That is Diversity=sum of individual Max demand÷max demand on power station
But Max demand on power station is 80%of plant capacity
Max demand= 0.8×200
Max demand=160kw
So, diversity= sum of individual Max demand÷max demand on the plant
Sum of individual demand=1.25×160
Sum of individual demand= 200kw
Annual fixed charges=#400000÷200
Annual fixed charges=#200/Kw
Running charges=0.04×5000000+0.015×5000000
Running charges=#275000
But transmission and distribution loss=14.5%
So unit generated=load factor×max demand×8760
Unit generated=0.4×160×8760
Unit generated= 560640kwh
Loss in transmission and distribution=
560640-(0.145×560640)=479347.2kwh
So Annual running charges=#275000÷479347.2
Annual running charges= 0.574/kwh
Total cost of generation/ kwh=675000÷479347.2
Total cost of generation/kwh=#1.37
Solution 2
When the load factor increased to 50%
Unit generated now=0.5×160×8760
Unit generated=700800kwh
Loss in transmission and distribution becomes
700800-(0.145×700800)=559184kwh
Now the running cost =275000÷599184
Running cost=0.459/kwh
Solution 3
It was observed that, when the load factor increased from 40% to 50% the running cost reduces, it is therefore advisable to operate at high load factor to save running cost and increase efficiency, by properly modelling the transmission lines.
Q1
ReplyDelete#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 40 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.4 * 160 = 64 kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 64* 8760 = 560640 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
560640-(0.145* 560640) = 479347.2kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.5737 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/479347.2
=#1.4082
Q2
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.5* 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 80* 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
700800-(0.145* 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.45896 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
Q3
Therefore, the Higher the load factor the lower the cost per kwh
Adewale05
ReplyDeleteQuestion 1
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Question2
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.5* 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 80* 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
700800-(0.145* 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.45896 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
Question3
Therefore, the Higher the load factor the lower the cost per kwh cost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 40 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.4 * 160 = 64 kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 64* 8760 = 560640 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
560640-(0.145* 560640) = 479347.2kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.5737 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/479347.2
=#1.4082
*1*
ReplyDelete#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 40 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.4 * 160 = 64 kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 64* 8760 = 560640 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
560640-(0.145* 560640) = 479347.2kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.5737 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/479347.2
=#1.4082
*2*
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.5* 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 80* 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
700800-(0.145* 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.45896 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
*3*
This shows that the more the load factor the less the cost per kwh for individual
Capital; #5000000
ReplyDeleteInterest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 40 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.4 * 160 = 64 kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 64* 8760 = 560640 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
560640-(0.145* 560640) = 479347.2kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.5737 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/479347.2
=#1.4082
Question 2
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.5* 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 80* 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
700800-(0.145* 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.45896 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
Question 3
This shows that the increase in the load factor the less the cost per kwh for individual
(1)#5000000
ReplyDeleteInterest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 40 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.4 * 160 = 64 kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 64* 8760 = 560640 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
560640-(0.145* 560640) = 479347.2kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.5737 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/479347.2
=#1.4082
(2) #5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.5 * 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 *
5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 80* 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
700800-(0.145* 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.45896 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
(3)This shows that the more the load factor the less the cost per kwh for individual
Alade 12
ReplyDeleteQue 1
Cost of power plant : #5000000
Interest : 4%
Operation and maintainace : 4%
Depreciation : 4%
Insurance and rent : 1.5%
Lost in T & D : 14.5%
Diversity : 1.5
Load factor : 40 %
Maximum demand : 80%
Max demand = 0.8 × 200= 160KW
L. F = average demand ÷ maximum demand
Average demand = load factor × maximum demand
= 0.4 × 160 = 64 KW
Capital cost = 5000000
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 × 5000000 + 0.04 × 5000000
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160×1.5= 240KW
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67KW
Running charge is the operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04 × 5000000 + 0.015 × 5000000
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor × maximum demand × hours in a year
Unit generated = 64 × 8760
= 560640 KWh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d × unit generated)
560640-(0.145 × 560640) = 479347.2KWh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67× kw + 0.5737 × kwh
Total cost per kwh =#[ 675000 ÷ 479347.2 ]= #1.4082
Que 2
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.5* 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 80* 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
700800-(0.145* 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.45896 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
Que 3
From the solution obtained above, we could see ‘that the Higher the load factor the lower the cost per kwh’
SUNBARE-FUNTO02
ReplyDelete*1*
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 40 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.4 * 160 = 64 kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 64* 8760 = 560640 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
560640-(0.145* 560640) = 479347.2kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.5737 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/479347.2
=#1.4082
*2*
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.5* 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 80* 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
700800-(0.145* 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.45896 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
*3*
This shows that the more the load factor the less the cost per kwh for individual
Oloyede 48
ReplyDeleteQuestion 1
Cost of power plant : #5000000
Interest : 4%
Operation and maintainace : 4%
Depreciation : 4%
Insurance and rent : 1.5%
Lost in T & D : 14.5%
Diversity : 1.5
Load factor : 40 %
Maximum demand : 80%
Max demand = 0.8 × 200= 160KW
L. F = average demand ÷ maximum demand
Average demand = load factor × maximum demand
= 0.4 × 160 = 64 KW
Capital cost = 5000000
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 × 5000000 + 0.04 × 5000000
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160×1.5= 240KW
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67KW
Running charge is the operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04 × 5000000 + 0.015 × 5000000
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor × maximum demand × hours in a year
Unit generated = 64 × 8760
= 560640 KWh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d × unit generated)
560640-(0.145 × 560640) = 479347.2KWh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67× kw + 0.5737 × kwh
Total cost per kwh =#[ 675000 ÷ 479347.2 ]= #1.4082
Question 2
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.5* 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 80* 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
700800-(0.145* 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.45896 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
Question 3
From the solution obtained above, we could see ‘that the Higher the load factor the lower the cost per kwh’
Adegun03
ReplyDelete*1*
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 40 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.4 * 160 = 64 kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 64* 8760 = 560640 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
560640-(0.145* 560640) = 479347.2kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.5737 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/479347.2
=#1.4082
*2*
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.5* 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 80* 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
700800-(0.145* 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.45896 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
*3*
This shows that the more the load factor the less the cost per kwh for individual
Question 1
ReplyDeleteCost of power plant : #5000000
Interest : 4%
Operation and maintainace : 4%
Depreciation : 4%
Insurance and rent : 1.5%
Lost in T & D : 14.5%
Diversity : 1.5
Load factor : 40 %
Maximum demand : 80%
Max demand = 0.8 × 200= 160KW
L. F = average demand ÷ maximum demand
Average demand = load factor × maximum demand
= 0.4 × 160 = 64 KW
Capital cost = 5000000
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 × 5000000 + 0.04 × 5000000
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160×1.5= 240KW
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67KW
Running charge is the operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04 × 5000000 + 0.015 × 5000000
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor × maximum demand × hours in a year
Unit generated = 64 × 8760
= 560640 KWh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d × unit generated)
560640-(0.145 × 560640) = 479347.2KWh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67× kw + 0.5737 × kwh
Total cost per kwh =#[ 675000 ÷ 479347.2 ]= #1.4082
Question 2
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.5* 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 80* 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
700800-(0.145* 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.45896 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
Question 3
From the solution obtained above, we could see ‘that the Higher the load factor the lower the cost per kwh’
1
ReplyDelete#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 40 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.4 * 160 = 64 kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 64* 8760 = 560640 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
560640-(0.145* 560640) = 479347.2kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.5737/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.5737 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/479347.2
=#1.4082
2
#5000000
Interest 4%
Depreciation 4%
Operation and maintainace 4%
Insurance and rent 1.5%
Lost in T & D 14.5%
Diversity 1.5
Maximum demand 80%
Load factor 50 %
Max demand = 0.8 * 200= 160kw
L. F = average demand / maximum demand
Average demand = load factor * maximum demand
= 0.5* 160 = 80kw
Capital cost is 5million
Annual fixed charge is interest and depreciation
Annual fixed charge = 0.04 * 5million + 0.04 * 5million
=400000
Sum of maximum demand = maximum demand * diversity
= 160*1.5= 240kw
Annual fixed charge = 400000/240
= 1666.67kw
Running charge is operation and maintainace with interest and rent
Running charge = 0.04* 5million + 0.015* 5million
= #275000
Unit generated = load factor * maximum demand * hours in a year
Unit generated = 80* 8760 = 700800 kwh
Loss of transmission and distribution = unit generated - (t&d * unit generated)
700800-(0.145* 700800) = 599184kwh
Annual running charge kw/h = running charge /loss t&d
= 0.45896/kwh
Cost of generation in two part
1666.67*kw + 0.45896 * kwh
Total cost per kwh = 675000/599184
=#1.1265
3
This shows that the more the load factor the less the cost per kwh